Globalization has transformed the ways nations and states operate, creating new challenges and opportunities for gender equality. For example, women’s labour is increasingly exploited in the global economy, with many women working in low-paid jobs in factories or as domestic workers. At the same time, feminist movements are using global networks to advocate for women’s rights, showing how globalization can both empower and oppress women. Under the pressures of globalization, Indian women have become both beneficiaries and casualties of economic transformation. While the growth of export-oriented industries like garment manufacturing has created employment opportunities for women, with over 12 million now working in India's textile sector, these jobs often involve precarious working conditions, informality, and suppressed wages (Mehrotra & Biggeri, 2007).
