1. Reproductive Health

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Attribution : "What is reproductive health?" by Public Health Lectures is licensed under CC BY 3.0

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

According to the world Health Organization (WHO), reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction i.e, physical, functional, emotional, behavioural and social. A Society will be considered ‘reproductively health’ when the people have physically and functionally normal reproductive processes and normal emotional and behavioural interaction among themselves, in all sex related aspects.

India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate action plans and programs at national level to attain total reproductive health as a social goal. These programmes called ‘family planning’ were initiated in 1951. Improved programmes covering wider reproduction related areas are currently in operation under the popular name “Reproductive and child Healthcare (RCH) programmes” .RCH programmes has three goals- Reproductive health, child care and fertility regulation programmes such as Janani Suraksha Yojana (for promoting institutionalized deliveries), massive child immunization, supply of nutritional food to the pregnant women etc are some examples of important healthcare programmes. In India infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate are high. Reproductive health problems remain the leading cause of death and disease in the people.

Source: Science and Technology, Dr BRAOU

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University is licensed under CC BY 4.0

Unit: 05, Page No: 55 - 71

2. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) is still a major problem. These are a major threat to a healthy society. Diseases or Infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse (contact) are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) . STDs also known as venereal diseases (VD) or Reproductive tract infection (RTI). Untreated STDs in women may lead to complications, which include pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) , abortions, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, cancer of the reproductive tract etc . But there is no reason to panic because prevention is possible by following the simple principles mentioned below.

i.                    Avoid Sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.

ii.                  Always use condoms during coitus.

iii.                Consulting qualified doctor for early detection of STDs and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Open University is licensed under CC BY 4.0

Unit : 05  ,    Page No: 55 - 71

O-BIO-16-Sexually Transmitted Diseases from PITB on Vimeo.

Attribution: "O-BIO-16-Sexually Transmitted Diseases" by PITB is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

2.1. Most common STDs and their causative organisms: Protozoan agents

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University

Unit: 05, Page No: 55 - 71

2.2. Most common STDs and their causative organisms: Fungal agents

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University. Unit: 05, Page No: 55 - 71

2.3. Most common STDs and their causative organisms: Viral agents

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, Unit  05 Page  Nos. 55-71

2.4. Most common STDs and their causative organisms: Bacterial agents

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University is licensed under CC BY 4.0

Unit: 05, Page No: 55 - 71

2.5. Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Video

Attribution:  "Uvesh Ali Bhatti Sir Topic:- Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) 13.08.20" by RAJKIYA NSGC is licensed under CC BY 3.0

3. Infertility

It is a condition of non-conception even after 1-2 years of regular unprotected sex. Infertility in Males—It is the inability of the male to provide functional sperm due to low volume of ejaculate, small numbers of sperm, defective or non-functional sperm, low fructose content, and high viscosity of ejaculate.

• The condition of near absence of sperms is- azospermioa
•  Low sperm count as-oligospermia
•  Low sperm motility as- asthenozoospermia
• While the condition  of defective  sperm  morphology  is known  as teratozoospermia

•        It is caused by failure of testes to descend in scrotum (cryptorchidism), hyperthermia, and blockage of ducts, infection, alcoholism and genetic defects. Male infertility is treated through cold scrotal bath, nonuse of alcohol and certain medicines.

•        Infertility cases either due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm, low sperm counts in the ejaculates, could be corrected by artificial insemination (AI) technique. In these techniques, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI- intra uterine insemination) of the female.

Infertility in Females It is the inability of female to provide a functional ovum inside the fallopian tube and the passage of sperm to it for fertilization. Anovulation is nonovulation

while oligoovulation is deficient ovulation due to ovarian cysts or defective hormonal balance

Attribution:  "Science and Technology" by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Unit: 05, Page No: 55 - 71